What Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that occurs when the carpal tunnel in the wrist becomes compressed or placed under pressure. This tunnel is located between the wrist bones and ligaments and contains the median nerve—responsible for sensation in parts of the hand—along with tendons and blood vessels. Carpal tunnel syndrome is typically characterized by numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the hand.

The main causes of carpal tunnel syndrome include swelling or inflammation of the tissues within the tunnel, wrist injuries, repetitive wrist movements, pregnancy, thyroid disorders, diabetes, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and genetic predisposition. These factors can lead to compression of the median nerve.

Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome usually appear in the wrist and inner part of the hand. These include numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the hand, particularly in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, weakness in the hand, difficulty gripping objects, and pain or discomfort that often worsens at night or with wrist movements. Symptoms typically increase during repetitive wrist activities.

Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is made through physical examination, medical history, and evaluation of symptoms. The doctor assesses the range of motion and sensation in the wrist and hand and may perform specific tests such as Tinel’s test and Phalen’s test to detect pressure on the median nerve. Imaging tests are usually not required, but in some cases, electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies may be performed.

Treatment options include rest, use of a wrist splint or cast, ice application, pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications, steroid injections, physical therapy, hand exercises, and ergonomic adjustments. In severe cases or when conservative treatments are ineffective, surgical intervention may be necessary. Surgery aims to relieve pressure on the median nerve by enlarging the carpal tunnel.

With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome can be controlled and patients’ quality of life can be improved. Therefore, it is important to consult a specialist when symptoms such as hand numbness, tingling, or pain are noticed.